ENGL 1302 Cagle

• Work alone on projects, tests, etc. unless approval given to collaborate
• Credit authors/groups if you use their materials in an assignment.
• Keep copies of your work and sources used.
• Ask your professor for clarification on whether an action would be considered plagiarism.

Professors using Turnitin.com receive an originality report that they review before identifying a paper as plagiarized. They can set limits on small matches of text to eliminate common phrases being marked as plagiarized (Turnitin 56). If a professor notifies a student about plagiarized content in a project, there should be a discussion about what content originated with the student vs. an outside source. If needed, the LSCS academic appeals process can be used.

Reusing a paper as is without any changes is problematic, given the specific requirements of most assignments. Also, it is a display of respect for your professor to recycle a paper from another course. Creating a new paper for a course assignment is a chance to enhance your communication skills that many employers value. If you have an existing research paper topic that you think would work for another course, ask your professor if you can revise and update the previous paper to meet the needs of the new assignment (MLA 59).

If an idea comes from a source you used for information, it remains their idea even if you rework the wording. So you need to give credit to that original author of the idea.

If you paraphrase a sentence, you need to reword most of the sentence and change the structure of the sentence to avoid plagiarism, keeping the original author’s idea intact. Remember, you still need to cite the source.

English, art, and humanities favor MLA, although other disciplines may use it because it is the most familiar citation style. Psychology, sociology, and health professions use APA most frequently. Chicago-style (CMOS/CMS) can be found in research papers for history and religion. The "Turabian" guide is associated with CMOS/CMS and includes research paper format details for undergraduates. Other types of citation styles exist, also (Harris). Check with each professor for their preferred citation style unless it is listed in assignments or the syllabus.

The library offers MLA and APA paper formatting help. Also, find information on Chicago-style paper formatting.

A research assignment’s usual aim is to assess a student’s ability to share his/her unique ideas with support from reliable and pertinent sources. Individual professors may limit the number of direct quotes you can use in assignments, but your goal is to display your understanding of ideas through your words primarily, supported with summaries, paraphrases, and to a lesser extent, quotations at opportune points in your writing. For maximum effect, quotations can be used to express unique and powerful ideas that cannot or should not be written in any other way. But you can use quotations inside paraphrases and summaries as well. Proper names and organizations do not need quotations around them as they are unique and have no synonym (Kirszner and Mandell 268).

Professors want you to demonstrate your understanding of source material. Paraphrasing is an excellent chance to read, analyze, comprehend, and reword information, based on your grasp of a source’s content. Find instructions for writing a paraphrase from LSC-CyFair Branch Library.

A paraphrase seeks to preserve the essence of an idea and its details in about the same length as the original information, but in a different order with mostly different words. A summary condenses original information to only the main idea from a longer to shorter length and with different wording (“Summary”). Find examples of paraphrase and summary from LSC-CyFair Branch Library.

Citations created by databases or citation creators are not 100% correct in most cases and students must be able to identify what is missing or incorrect in a generated citation. So check the citations for accuracy using library guides to help get a better grade on your assignment.

Different disciplines focus on the position of citation elements based on type of research. APA favors the authors and currency of research in scholarly journals primarily, MLA is more interested in a variety of research and specific analysis by different authors, and CMOS/CMS stresses content above citation using footnotes instead of in-text citations (“Why”). In the workplace, you will find companies also have varying style guides and expectations for documentation. Therefore, it is beneficial to learn, understand, and practice similar nuances now.

Most of them get a passing grade for being close to correct, while adding other elements that are not necessary. Some allow you to simply enter a URL for a web page and the citation generator pulls information from the page and creates a citation for you. Other types of resources require you to identify citation elements and enter them into the spaces provided. So some of the accuracy depends on what you enter or leave blank. We like KnightCite because it seems to know some of the unique aspects of citation styles and reformats citations to fit those aspects, yet it is not perfect, so you still have to check the citation against library guides.

A good faith effort to cite sources correctly is important for your success in college. It is helpful to review citations with the library guides before you submit your research project and citations. Ask your professor for information on how they grade citations, so you know how much is deducted for incorrect citations.

Yes, you need to give credit to the original source you used by citing it in the body of your project every time it is referenced accompanied by one detailed listing for the source in your works cited, references, or bibliography.

Professors want you to learn the rules for crediting others while adding your own ideas. You need to separate your thoughts from other authors and citation is the method, so you can be assessed on your understanding of valid support for your ideas while sharing your own ideas. Also, citation is part of the LSCS academic integrity policy.

If an idea comes from a source you used for information, it remains their idea even if you rework the wording. So you need to give credit to that original author of the idea.

Facts or popular sayings that are published in most popular reference tools like encyclopedias, almanacs, and atlases may be considered common knowledge if you believe your audience knows them. So if you were speaking to a group of students in Texas, most of them should know that the large body of water that forms one of our borders is the Gulf of Mexico. You would not need to cite that fact. When in doubt about your audience’s common knowledge, go ahead and cite the fact (Axelrod and Cooper 428).

It can be frustrating and confusing to figure out what you can use and how, as there are no specific quantities for how many pictures or what length of video or audio you can borrow established by copyright law.* Educational uses are typically favored, but this factor alone is not enough to guarantee you’re good to go; neither is simply giving credit to the original creator.

Some works, particularly digital media, may also come with license terms and conditions that can limit or expand what you can do with the content beyond what copyright law says. Often you have agreed to the terms simply by using the content. Library-licensed content available through our databases is a good place to look for more permissive licensing; the Creative Commons is another example (explained further down the page).

Requesting permission from the copyright owner is another good option, but this process can be hampered by determining who the owner actually is, how to contact them, and waiting for a response. Many times the permission comes with a price tag, as well.

Fortunately, copyright law has provisions for “fair use” exceptions (among others) that let you use portions of works without having to ask for permission. You may freely use public domain works however you choose.

* You may come across guidelines suggesting, for example, “no more than 10% or 3 minutes of a film” or “a maximum of 30 seconds of a song.” These recommendations derive from a set of guidelines that attempt to establish conservative but definite figures for usage. However, these recommendations are not legally binding and are not part of copyright law (Crews 77-79). Actual permissible uses (fair use) may, depending on situation, greatly exceed those guidelines.

Fair use is a set of exceptions built in to copyright law that enables people to make limited use of copyrighted materials without having to request permission. Fair use is always determined on a case-by-case basis by weighing all four factors against each other. No single factor is more important than any others.

The U.S. courts use the following criteria to determine fair use (“More Information”; Crews):

• Purpose and character of the use
  • Is your use commercial or for nonprofit educational purposes? Is your use transformative, i.e. are you creating something original and different or using the work in a new way? (Crews 59-61)
• Nature of the copyrighted work
  • Nonfiction works are favored over fictional, dramatic works for fair use evaluation. “Consumable” works, like student workbooks or lab manuals that are meant to be filled in by individuals and repurchased, are less likely to be fair. (Crews 61-2)
• Amount and substantiality of copyrighted work used
  • Amount is straightforward: how much of a work are you using? Short excerpts are more likely to be fair than longer ones. The aspect of substantiality is more qualitative, however: you might have a short quote but if it’s from the “heart of the work,” the key, unique, significant section, you start moving out of fair use. (Crews 63-4)
• Effect of use upon the potential markets
  • Does your use undercut the licensed uses of the work? Will your usage discourage sales of the original material by serving as a reasonable substitute? Maybe the copyright holder doesn’t offer something like your derivative creation, but your use might still impede their market share someday. (Crews 64-6)

Any work with no copyright protection is labeled as public domain and is available for anyone to use with no restrictions. Works published before 1923 as well as government documents are in the public domain. A work whose copyright has lapsed also becomes part of the public domain. Works may also be deliberately placed in the public domain by the creator. ("Welcome")

Just because a work is publicly available does not mean it is in the legal public domain. Similarly, if a work is no longer actively being published or is not easily purchased does not mean it is no longer protected under copyright.

The Creative Commons refers to a set of pre-written licenses designed for content creators to explicitly make their works available for use and modification. It does not replace copyright law and CC-licensed works are still copyrighted, but the terms provide more flexibility to creators who don’t want “all rights reserved” (“About the Licenses”). You will typically be able to recognize these types of works by the license icon which lets you know what conditions you need to meet to be able to reuse the work. You will see CC-BY at a minimum, meaning you can do anything with the work so long as you provide attribution to the creator.

Creative Commons Licenses image CC-BY Barbara Waxer

You shouldn't think of copyrighted images, music, etc any differently than you do the articles (which are also copyrighted!) you use to get information. Anything not original to you should be cited (credit given to the creator), and you should not use others' works excessively (i.e. limit how much you use).

Informal Attribution:

Due to the visual nature of presentations, you'll probably have various decorative elements that aren't part of your information sources. Ask your professor for their preferences but generally these don't need to be formally included in your Works Cited list with your actual sources. Add attribution on the same slide as the images, etc. that you’ve used. It should be visible and readable, but it doesn’t have to be prominent (see image below for example). If there is a Creative Commons (CC) license, use that; if not, you can get by with a simple note like “Image by [author]” with a hyperlink to your source.

Formal Attribution:

Just as you would in a written essay, all information and concepts you found from another source should be documented with in-text citations where you actually use the ideas and an accompanying Works Cited list at the end of your presentation on its own slide or two. Ask your professor for their preferences if they want you to write formal citations following an official citation style for the multimedia resources you use. Remember, however, if you got information for your project from any source regardless of medium, you must cite it!

Remember, you may be able to use copyrighted content! If you'd like to not have to worry about it, though, here are some options that explicitly give you permission to re-use:

Images

• MorgueFile (public domain stock photography)
• Flickr Commons (historic photography)
• StockVault (free stock photos)
• Pixabay (public domain stock photos and illustrations)
• Canva (free online graphic design tool that includes a selection of free stock illustrations)

Audio

• FreeSound (CC-licensed sound effects)
• Audionautix (CC-licensed music)
• Free Music Archive (CC-licensed music)

• "About the Licenses." Creative Commons, creativecommons.org/licenses.
• Copyright Basics. Copyright.gov, United States Copyright Office, 2012, www.copyright.gov/circs/circ01.pdf.
• Crews, Kenneth D. Copyright Law for Librarians and Educators: Creative Strategies & Practical Solutions. 3rd ed., ALA Editions, 2012. Find it in the Lone Star College Libraries.
• "More Information on Fair Use." Copyright.gov, United States Copyright Office, June 2017, www.copyright.gov/fair-use/more-info.html.
• “Welcome to the Public Domain.” Copyright & Fair Use, Stanford University Libraries, fairuse.stanford.edu/overview/public-domain/welcome.

• LSCS Copyright Policy
• Citation Help
• Harper, Georgia. Copyright Crash Course. The University of Texas Libraries, 2016, guides.lib.utexas.edu/copyright.
• US Code Title 17: Copyrights (full text of the law)